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作者	单位
薛轲尹，杨蕊，张程翔，王小燕	（长江大学农学院/主要粮食作物产业化湖北省协同创新中心,湖北荆州 434025）

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中文摘要:

为给江汉平原稻茬小麦高产高效栽培中氮肥的合理运筹提供理论依据，以郑麦9023为材料，在中肥力和高肥力土壤条件下开展氮肥运筹田间试验（设0、135、180和225 kg·hm^-2四个施氮量，分别用N₀、N₁、N₂、N₃代表；氮肥基追比设10∶0∶0、7∶3∶0、1∶1∶1三个水平，分别用M₁、M₂、M₃代表），研究了不同氮肥运筹对江汉平原稻茬小麦产量、干物质积累量、氮素积累与运转及氮效率的影响。结果表明，开花期到成熟期小麦旗叶SPAD值和LAI均随着施氮量的增加和氮肥基追比的降低而提高。施氮量相同时，干物质积累量在苗期以M₁处理最高，拔节期到开花期M₂处理最高，成熟期为M₃处理最高；氮肥基追比相同时，干物质积累量随施氮量的增加而增加。以上指标在中、高肥力点变化趋势表现一致，高肥力点小麦的SPAD值、LAI和干物质积累量整体上高于中肥力点。在相同施氮量下，小麦产量、有效穗数和穗粒数均表现为M₁＜M₂＜M₃，千粒重与穗粒数呈负相关；当氮肥基追比相同，不同施氮量间产量表现为N₁＜N₂＜N₃，有效穗数和穗粒数随施氮量的增加显著提高，千粒重呈下降趋势。土壤肥力对小麦产量和氮效率的影响大于施氮量。高肥力点小麦的产量、氮肥表观利用率、氮肥农学利用率和氮素生产力均高于中肥力点。在135~225 kg·hm^-2施氮量范围内，小麦开花期和成熟期的植株氮积累量、氮肥表观利用率和氮肥农学利用率均随着施氮量的增加和追肥时期的后移显著提高。在本试验条件下，中肥力点小麦在施氮量为225 kg·hm^-2、基追比例为 1∶1∶1处理下获得最高产量和氮利用效率。高肥力点小麦在施氮量为180 kg·hm^-2、基追比例为1∶1∶1处理下可获得较高的产量和氮肥农学利用率。这两种氮肥运筹模式可作为江汉平原小麦在中肥力和高肥力土壤条件下兼顾高产和高氮肥利用效率的氮肥运筹模式。

英文摘要:

In order to provide the theoretical basis for the rational management of nitrogen fertilizer in high-yielding and high-efficiency cultivation of rice stubble wheat in Jianghan plain,the field experiment of nitrogen fertilizer management in middle and high fertility soil was carried out using Zhengmai 9023 as material. Four nitrogen application rates of 0,135,180 and 225 kg·hm^-2 were set up,represented by N₀,N₁,N₂ and N₃. The basal and topdressing ratio of nitrogen fertilizer was set up at 10∶0∶0,7∶3∶0 and 1∶1∶1,represented by M₁,M₂ and M₃. The effects of different nitrogen fertilizer management on rice stubble wheat yield,dry matter accumulation,nitrogen accumulation and translocation and nitrogen efficiency in Jianghan plain were studied.The results showed that both the SPAD value of flag leaf and LAI from the flowering stage to the maturity stage of wheat were improved with the increase of nitrogen application rates or the decrease of the basal and topdressing ratio of nitrogen fertilizer.With the same nitrogen application rate,the dry matter accumulation was the highest under M₁ treatment at seedling stage,M₂ treatment at jointing stage to flowering stage,and M₃ treatment at maturity stage. With the same basal and topdressing ratio,the dry matter accumulation increased with the increase of nitrogen application. The change trends of middle and high fertility amount were consistent,and the SPAD value,LAI and dry matter accumulation of wheat at high fertility amount were higher than those at middle fertility amount on the whole. Under the condition of same nitrogen application,the yield,the effective panicle number and panicle grain number of wheat with different basal and topdressing ratio ranked as M₁＜M₂＜M₃,and the 1 000-grain weight was negatively correlated with the panicle grain number. When the basal and topdressing ratio of nitrogen fertilizer was the same,the yield with different nitrogen application amounts ranked as N₁＜N₂＜N₃,and the effective panicle number and panicle grain number increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application,but the 1 000-grain weight decreased. The effect of soil fertility on wheat yield and nitrogen efficiency was greater than that of nitrogen application. The yield,NFUE,NFAE and nitrogen productivity of high fertility amount wheat were all higher than those of middle fertility amount. In the range of nitrogen application from 135 kg·hm^-2 to 225 kg·hm^-2,the plant nitrogen accumulation of flowering and maturity stages,NFUE and NFAE of wheat increased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application rate and the shift of topdressing period. Under the conditions of this experiment,the middle fertility amount wheat obtained the highest yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency under the treatment of nitrogen application rate of 225 kg·hm^-2 and basal and topdressing ratio of 1∶1∶1.The high fertility amount wheat achieved higher yield and NFAE under the treatment of nitrogen application rate of 180 kg·hm^-2 and basal and topdressing ratio of 1∶1∶1.These two models can be used to combine high yield and high nitrogen utilization efficiency of wheat in Jianghan plain with middle and high fertility soil.

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