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李秀芳,李博文,阎龙霞,武永霞,苟振宇,柴雨葳,程宏波,黄彩霞，常磊.秸秆覆盖方式对旱地冬小麦光合特征及产量的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2025,(9):1216

秸秆覆盖方式对旱地冬小麦光合特征及产量的影响

Effects of Straw Mulching Methods on the Photosynthesis Characteristics and Yield of Winter Wheat in Drylands

DOI：

中文关键词: 秸秆覆盖方式冬小麦光合特性产量

英文关键词:Straw mulching methods Winter wheat Photosynthetic characteristics Yield

基金项目:国家小麦产业技术体系项目(CARS-03-85)；甘肃省技术创新引导计划项目(22CX8NA046)；国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD2001304)

作者	单位
李秀芳,李博文,阎龙霞,武永霞,苟振宇,柴雨葳,程宏波,黄彩霞，常磊	(1.甘肃农业大学农学院/甘肃省干旱生境作物学重点实验室，甘肃兰州 730070； 2.甘肃省农业技术推广总站，甘肃兰州 730070；3.甘肃农业大学生命科学技术学院，甘肃兰州 730070； 4.甘肃农业大学水利水电工程学院，甘肃兰州 730070)

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中文摘要:

为探究不同秸秆覆盖方式下旱地冬小麦光合性能、产量的变化规律，以及实现旱地小麦科学秸秆覆盖，于2022—2023年在西北旱区以露地无覆盖为对照(CK)、设置了秸秆带状覆盖播种4行(SSM4)、秸秆带状覆盖播种5行(SSM5)、碎秆全覆盖(SCM)3种覆盖方式，分析了不同秸秆覆盖方式下冬小麦土壤水分、干物质积累、旗叶光合特性、叶绿素含量和籽粒产量及其构成因素的差异。结果表明，秸秆覆盖下麦田土壤含水量较CK提高0.1~1.9个百分点，其中SSM4和SCM的增幅均在灌浆期最大，SSM5增幅在成熟期最大。与CK相比，秸秆覆盖下小麦花后0~28 d旗叶的平均净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)分别提高12.8%~18.7%、24.2%~38.0%和21.2%~33.8%，胞间CO₂浓度(C_i) 降低7.9%~10.3%；SSM4和SSM5的P_n和T_r均以花后21 d增幅最大，SCM则分别以花后28和14 d增幅最大，SSM4、SSM5和SCM的G_s增幅和C_i降幅均在花后28 d达到最大；叶绿素含量(SPAD值)显著提高，增幅3.9%~7.0%，其中SSM4和SSM5的最大增幅均出现在花后0 d，SCM的最大增幅则在花后21 d。秸秆覆盖的干物质积累量较CK提高0.7%~30.5%，其中SSM4、SSM5和SCM增幅分别在灌浆期、拔节期和孕穗期达到最大。秸秆覆盖显著增加了冬小麦的籽粒产量，SSM4、SSM5和SCM增幅分别为7.9%、18.6%和9.9%，其增产原因主要是穗数和千粒重的提高。由此可见，秸秆覆盖能有效增加旱地冬小麦土壤水分，促进干物质积累量，提高旗叶光合能力，最终通过增加穗数和千粒重提高小麦产量，且以秸秆带状覆盖播种5行效果最好。

英文摘要:

In order to explore the characteristics in photosynthetic performance and yield of dryland winter wheat under different straw mulching methods, three mulching methods were set up in the northwest arid region from 2022 to 2023: four rows of straw strip mulching sowing(SSM4), five rows of straw strip mulching sowing(SSM5), and full crushed-straw mulching(SCM), with bare ground as the control(CK). The differences of soil moisture, dry matter accumulation, flag leaf photosynthetic characteristics, chlorophyll content, grain yield and its components of winter wheat under different straw mulching methods were analyzed. The results showed that the soil moisture content in wheat fields under straw mulching increased by 0.1-1.9 percentage points compared to CK, with SSM4 and SCM showing the largest increase during the grain filling stage, and SSM5 showing the largest increase during the maturity stage. Compared with CK, straw mulching increased the average net photosynthetic rate(P_n), stomatal conductance(G_s), and transpiration rate(T_r) of wheat flag leaves from 0 to 28 days after flowering by 12.8% to 18.7%, 24.2% to 38.0%, and 21.2% to 33.8%, respectively. It also reduced the average intercellular CO₂ concentration(C_i) by 7.9% to 10.3%. The net photosynthetic rate(P_n) and transpiration rate(T_r) of both SSM4 and SSM5 showed the greatest increase at 21 days after flowering, while SCM showed the greatest increase at 28 and 14 days after flowering, respectively. The stomatal conductance(G_s increase) and intercellular CO₂ concentration(C_i decrease) of SSM4, SSM5, and SCM reached their maximum variation at 28 days after flowering. The chlorophyll content(SPAD value) significantly increased, with an increase rate of 3.9% to 7.0%. Among them, the maximum increase in SSM4 and SSM5 occurred at 0 day after flowering, while the maximum increase in SCM occurred at 21 days after flowering. The average dry matter accumulation during the entire growth period under straw mulching increased by 0.7% to 30.5% compared to CK. Among them, SSM4, SSM5, and SCM showed the largest increase during the grain filling stage; SSM5 showed the largest increase during the jointing stage, and SCM showed the largest increase during the booting stage. Straw mulching significantly increased the grain yield of winter wheat, with an increase rate of 7.9%, 18.6%, and 9.9% for SSM4, SSM5, and SCM, respectively. The main reason for the increase in yield was the increase in the number of spikes per unit area and thousand-grain weight. Thus, it can be seen that straw mulching can effectively increase soil moisture in dryland winter wheat, promote dry matter accumulation, improve flag leaf photosynthetic capacity, and facilitate yield formation. Ultimately, wheat yield can be improved by increasing the number of spikes and thousand-grain weight, and the best effect was achieved by sowing in 5 rows with straw strip mulching.

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