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作者	单位
伍露，程陈，杨霏云，樊栋樑，罗蒋梅，韩佳芮，王天舒，郭尔静	（1.中国气象局气象干部培训学院，北京 100081；2.丽水学院生态学院，浙江丽水 323000）

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中文摘要:

为优化不同降水年型下春小麦高产稳产和高效利用水氮资源的管理决策方案，利用2009-2012年内蒙古自治区额尔古纳市上库力农场试验站与拉布大林农场试验站春小麦（内麦19）的试验观测资料，确定APSIM-wheat模型中小麦生长发育关键参数；基于校准后的APSIM-wheat模型模拟分析1967-2017年雨养条件下春小麦生长发育过程，并依据降水量划分了3种降水年型（干旱、平水和湿润年型），根据土壤水分亏缺指数（soil water deficit on photosynthesis, SWD_ef）确定最优水分管理时期；设计8个灌溉量梯度（15、30、45、60、90、120、150和180 mm）和13个施N量梯度（30、45、60、75、90、105、120、150、180、210、240、270和300 kg·hm^-2）情景模式，结合水氮管理决策的遴选关键指标［水分利用效率（water use efficiency, WUE）、氮肥利用效率（nitrogen use efficiency, NUE）和产量］，探究不同气候年型下最优春小麦水氮管理模式。结果表明：（1）校准后的APSIM-wheat模型春小麦发育期模块（出苗期、抽穗期和成熟期）模拟值与观测值的均方根误差（root mean square error, RMSE）在1.17~3.64 d范围内，归一化均方根误差（normalized root mean square error, NRMSE）在0.82%~1.90%范围内；产量模块模拟值与观测值的RMSE为371.50 kg·hm^-2，NRMSE为8.54 %，说明APSIM-wheat模型可以较好地反映不同降水年型下小麦的动态生长发育过程。（2）雨养条件下春小麦分蘖期—拔节期、拔节期—抽穗期和抽穗期—开花期的SWD_ef较低，且在生育期内仅灌溉一次的前提下，拔节期灌溉可以减轻干旱胁迫并显著提高产量。（3）干旱、平水和湿润年型春小麦拔节期最优水氮管理模式分别为灌溉量60 mm和施氮量105 kg·hm^-2、灌溉量60 mm和施氮量120 kg·hm^-2、灌溉量30 mm和施氮量150 kg·hm^-2，其产量分别为4 810.96±551.43、5 378.06±768.86和6 421.33±454.09 kg·hm^-2。

英文摘要:

In order to optimize the management decision-making scheme for high and stable yield of spring wheat and efficient utilization of water and nitrogen resources under different precipitation year types, the key parameters for wheat growth and development in the APSIM-wheat model based on the experimental data of spring wheat(Neimai 19) at the Shangkulini Farm Experimental Station and the Labudalin Farm Experimental Station in Eerguna City of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region from 2009 to 2012 were determined. Using the calibrated APSIM-wheat model, the growth and development process of spring wheat under rain-fed conditions from 1967 to 2017 was simulated and analyzed. Three precipitation types(dry, normal, and wet) were identified based on precipitation, and the optimal water management periods were determined using the soil water deficit on photosynthesis(SWD_ef). Scenario models were designed with eight irrigation gradients(15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180mm) and thirteen N fertilization gradients(30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, and 300 kg·hm^-2), and combined with key indicators for water and nitrogen management decision-making(water use efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency, and yield), the optimal water and nitrogen management modes for spring wheat under different precipitation types were explored. The results showed that:(1)The root mean square error(RMSE) of the simulated values of the spring wheat development stage module(emergence, heading, and maturation) in the calibrated APSIM-wheat model ranged from 1.17 to 3.64 days, and the normalized root mean square error(NRMSE) ranged from 0.82% to 1.90%. The RMSE and NRMSE between the simulated and observed values of the yield module were 371.50 kg·hm^-2 and 8.54%, respectively, indicating that the APSIM-wheat model can well reflect the dynamic growth and development process of wheat under different precipitation types.(2)The SWD_ef during spring wheat tillering stage to jointing stage, jointing stage to heading stage, and heading stage to anthesis stages under rain-fed conditions were relatively lower, and under the premise of only one irrigation during the growth stage, irrigation during the jointing stage could alleviate drought stress and significantly improve yield.(3)The optimal water and nitrogen management modes during the jointing stage for spring wheat under wet, normal, and dry precipitation types were irrigation of 60 mm and N fertilization of 105 kg·hm^-2, irrigation of 60 mm and N fertilization of 120 kg·hm^-2, and irrigation of 30 mm and N fertilization of 150 kg·hm^-2, respectively. The corresponding yields were 4 810.96±551.43 kg·hm^-2, 5 378.06±768.86 kg·hm^-2, and 6 421.33±454.09 kg·hm^-2.

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