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为探寻春小麦根区一次施肥最佳施肥位置的技术参数，在新疆哈密市巴里坤县进行田间试验，设置行间居中施肥（肥料距种子7.5 cm、深10 cm、穴间距15 cm，L_7.5H₁₀D₁₅）、偏行施肥（肥料距种子5 cm、深10 cm、穴间距15 cm，L₅H₁₀D₁₅）、加深施肥（肥料距种子7.5 cm、深15 cm、穴间距15 cm，L_7.5H₁₅D₁₅）、减小穴间距施肥（肥料距种子7.5 cm、深10 cm、穴间距12 cm，L_7.5H₁₀D₁₂），以行间居中施肥（不施氮肥）为对照（CK），分析了不同施肥位点及穴间距对春小麦产量、养分利用和土壤养分平衡的影响。结果表明，根区施肥条件下施肥位置对小麦籽粒产量及其构成因素影响显著，其中L₅H₁₀D₁₅处理的产量较其他处理分别增加了3.7%~24.7%，穗粒数的增加是其高产的主要原因；L₅H₁₀D₁₅处理提高了籽粒和植株氮积累量及籽粒钾积累量，L_7.5H₁₀D₁₂处理提高了成熟期籽粒和植株磷积累量及茎叶、植株钾积累量；L₅H₁₀D₁₅处理的氮素利用效率最高，氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力分别为38.8%、8.7 g·kg^-1和44.2 g·kg^-1，与L_7.5H₁₀D₁₅、L_7.5H₁₅D₁₅和L_7.5H₁₀D₁₂处理相比，增幅分别为19.2~28.8个百分点、20.8%~148.6%和3.8%~13.6%。土壤养分表观平衡中，L₅H₁₀D₁₅处理的氮表观平衡和盈余率均最低，但磷钾表观平衡和盈余率均较高，说明该处理在实现小麦高产、稳产的同时保证了土壤养分不损失。综上所述，本试验条件下，根区一次穴施位置对小麦产量和土壤养分平衡有显著影响，施肥点距种子5 cm，深10 cm，穴间距15 cm最有利于提高了小麦籽粒产量，促进养分积累和高效利用，在获得小麦高产、稳产的同时保证土壤养分不损失。

英文摘要:

In order to explore the technical parameters of the optimal fertilization position in the root zone of spring wheat, a field experiment was conducted in Balikun County, Hami City, Xinjiang. Four different fertilization treatments were set up: center row fertilization(fertilizer 7.5 cm away from the seed, 10 cm deep, 15 cm apart between holes, designated as L_7.5H₁₀D₁₅), off-center row fertilization (fertilizer 5 cm away from the seed, 10 cm deep, 15 cm apart between holes, designated as L₅H₁₀D₁₅), deep fertilization(fertilizer 7.5 cm away from the seed, 15 cm deep, 15 cm apart between holes, designated as L_7.5H₁₅D₁₅), and reduced hole spacing(fertilizer 7.5 cm away from the seed, 10 cm deep, 12 cm apart between holes, designated as L_7.5H₁₀D₁₂). Center row fertilization(without nitrogen fertilizer) was used as the control(CK). The effects of different fertilization positions and hole spacings on spring wheat yield, nutrient utilization, and soil nutrient balance were analyzed. The results showed that different fertilization positions significantly affected wheat grain yield and its components. The L₅H₁₀D₁₅ treatment increased yield by 3.7%-24.7%, compared to other treatments; the increase in the number of grains was the main reason for its high yield. In terms of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium accumulation during maturity, the L₅H₁₀D₁₅ treatment increased grain and plant nitrogen accumulation, as well as grain potassium accumulation. The L_7.5H₁₀D₁₂ treatment increased phosphorus accumulation, as well as stem and leaf and plant potassium accumulation. The nitrogen nutrient utilization rate of the L₅H₁₀D₁₅ treatment was the highest, with nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate, agronomic efficiency, and partial factor productivity being 38.8%, 8.7 g·kg^-1, and 44.2 g·kg^-1, respectively. Compared to L_7.5H₁₀D₁₅, L_7.5H₁₅D₁₅, and L_7.5H₁₀D₁₂, the increase rate was 19.2-28.8 percentage points, 20.8%-148.6%, and 3.8%-13.6%, respectively. In the soil nutrient balance, the nitrogen apparent balance and surplus rate of the L₅H₁₀D₁₅ treatment were the lowest, but the phosphorus and potassium apparent balance and surplus rate were higher, ensuring soil nutrient retention while achieving high and stable yields. In conclusion, under similar conditions, the position of one-time hole fertilization in the root zone had a significant impact on wheat yield and soil nutrient balance. Fertilizing the seed 5 cm away, 10 cm deep, and 15 cm apart between holes is most beneficial for increasing wheat grain yield, promoting nutrient accumulation and improving nitrogen fertilizer utilization while ensuring soil nutrient retention for high and stable yields.

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