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作者	单位
李欣欣，石祖梁，王久臣，徐志宇，江荣风	(1.农业农村部农业生态与资源保护总站,北京 100125； 2.中国农业大学资源与环境学院,北京 100094)

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中文摘要:

为探明稻茬小麦氮素吸收与转运规律，推动氮肥高效利用，采取大田试验和¹⁵N微区试验，研究了氮肥不同基追比例（N_1/9,N_3/7、N_5/5、N_7/3，施氮量225 kg·hm^-2）对稻茬冬小麦不同来源氮素吸收与转运、产量和氮肥利用的影响。结果表明，随追肥比例的增加，全生育期小麦植株中肥料氮积累量显著增加，土壤氮积累量则与之呈相反趋势，植株总吸氮量呈先增后降的趋势，以N_5/5处理最高。小麦植株对基肥氮的吸收主要集中在越冬至拔节期，对追肥氮和土壤氮的吸收主要在拔节至开花期；成熟期相同处理下，植株中追肥氮积累量高于基肥氮，肥料氮积累量高于土壤氮。成熟期叶片、茎鞘、穗轴+颖壳和籽粒氮素分配比例分别为 5.6%~8.9%、8.3%~10.2%、6.7%~7.5%、73.7%~78.6%；随追肥比例的增加，叶片、茎鞘氮素分配比例下降，穗轴+颖壳和籽粒氮素分配比例升高。植株总氮转运量随追肥比例的增加先增后降，转运效率为 69.72%~74.91%，转运氮对籽粒氮素的贡献率为80.94%~85.81%；植株中基肥氮的转运量和转运率均低于追肥氮，肥料氮的转运量和转运率均高于土壤氮。籽粒产量随追肥比例的增加呈先增后降的趋势，以N_5/5处理产量最高，N_1/9,N_3/7、N_5/5、N_7/3处理氮肥回收率分别为46.2%、45.1%、46.7%、 41.8%。在225 kg·hm^-2的施氮条件下，追肥比例为50%有利于小麦对氮素的吸收，提高籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率。

英文摘要:

In order to find out the rule of nitrogen absorption and translocation in winter wheat after rice stubble,and promote the high-efficiency utilization of nitrogen fertilizer,the field experiment and ¹⁵N tracer experiment were conducted to study the effects of nitrogen application(the ratios of basal/topdressing at 225 kg·hm^-2 were 1∶9,3∶7,5∶5,7∶3,which were represented as N_1/9,N_3/7,N_5/5 and N_7/3,respectively) on nitrogen uptake,translocation,recovery and grain yield of winter wheat. The results showed that the accumulation amount of fertilizer nitrogen increased significantly with the increase of topdressing ratio in the whole growth period,while the accumulation amount of soil nitrogen showed the opposite trend,and the total nitrogen absorption increased first and then decreased,among which N_5/5 treatment showed the highest. The absorption of basal fertilizer nitrogen by wheat plants mainly occurred during overwintering to jointing stage,and the absorption of topdressing fertilizer and soil nitrogen mainly occurred during jointing to anthesis stage. The accumulation amount of topdressing fertilizer nitrogen was higher than that of basal fertilizer nitrogen,and the accumulation of fertilizer nitrogen was higher than that of soil nitrogen. Nitrogen distribution ratios in leaves,stems and sheaths,cobs+glumes and grains at maturity stage were 5.6%-8.9%,8.3%-10.2% 6.7%-7.5%,and 73.7%-78.6%,respectively. The nitrogen distribution ratio in leaves,stems and sheaths decreased with the increase of the topdressing ratio,while the nitrogen distribution ratio of cob+glume and grain increased. The total nitrogen translocation amount increased first and then decreased with the increase of the topdressing ratio. The translocation efficiency was 69.72%-74.91%,and the contribution of nitrogen translocation to the grain nitrogen was 80.94%-85.81%. The translocation amount and translocation efficiency of basal nitrogen were lower than those of topdressing nitrogen,and the translocation amount and translocation efficiency of fertilizer nitrogen were higher than those of soil nitrogen. Grain yield increased first and then decreased with the increase of topdressing ratio,and highest yield was achieved under N_5/5 treatment and the lowest yield was obtained under N_1/9?treatment. The nitrogen fertilizer recovery efficiency under N_1/9,N_3/7,N_5/5 and N_7/3 treatments were 46.2%,45.1%,46.7% and 41.8%,respectively. The ratio of topdressing increased to 50% at nitrogen application rate of 225 kg·hm^-2,which was conducive to the absorption of nitrogen by wheat,increasd grain yield and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency.

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