| 王嘉男，李玲玲，谢军红，王林林，郭喜军，康彩睿，刘 畅，ZECHARIAH Effah，王进斌.半干旱区保护性耕作对旱作春小麦光合特性和产量形成的影响[J].麦类作物学报,2020,(12):1493 |
| 半干旱区保护性耕作对旱作春小麦光合特性和产量形成的影响 |
| Effects of Conservation Tillage on Photosynthesis and Yield Formation of Rain-Fed Spring Wheat in Semi-Arid Areas |
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| DOI：10.7606/j.issn.1009-1041.2020.12.12 |
| 中文关键词: 叶绿素 RuBP羧化酶 光合作用 叶面积 产量 |
| 英文关键词:Chlorophyll RuBP carboxylase Photosynthesis Leaf area Yield |
| 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(31761143004和31660373)；甘肃省干旱生境作物学国家重点实验室培育基地项目（GSCS-2019-Z04）；甘肃省国际科技合作基地项目(GSPT-2018-56) |
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| 中文摘要: |
| 为探究黄土高原半干旱区保护性耕作提高春小麦产量的光合生理机制，依托黄土高原半干旱区2001年建立的不同耕作措施长期定位试验，于2019年研究了传统耕作(T)、传统耕作秸秆翻入(TS)、免耕秸秆不覆盖(NT)、免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)四种耕作措施对春小麦叶片光合相关性状、干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明，小麦叶片叶绿素含量和叶面积指数在抽穗期达到峰值，保护性耕作延缓了花后叶片衰老，其中NTS处理的叶片叶绿素含量和叶面积指数在乳熟期均显著高于其他处理；耕作措施对开花期小麦旗叶RuBP羧化酶活性没有影响，但在灌浆期免耕和秸秆还田均提高了RuBP羧化酶活性，其中NTS处理的RuBP羧化酶活性是T处理的1.95倍；秸秆覆盖对小麦旗叶光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度影响显著，NTS处理可有效改善春小麦开花期和灌浆期的光合性能，其中NTS处理的开花期旗叶光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度比T处理分别提高了19.2%、30.7%、23.0%；免耕处理(NT和NTS)下花后干物质积累对籽粒贡献率较耕作处理(T和TS)提高了41.7%，秸秆还田处理(TS和NTS)花后籽粒干物质积累量及花后干物质积累对籽粒产量贡献率较不还田处理(T和NT)分别提高了71.2%和35.7%；NTS处理有效促进了小麦花后干物质积累和转运，显著增加了穗数和千粒重，使产量较T处理提高了18.7%。因此，在黄土高原半干旱区应用免耕秸秆覆盖的保护性耕作措施可促进春小麦旗叶花后光合作用、干物质积累及其向籽粒分配，延缓灌浆后期叶片衰老和叶绿素降解，协调和优化光合性能、光合时间、光合面积之间的关系，从而提高产量。 |
| 英文摘要: |
| In order to explore the photosynthetic physiological mechanism of conservation tillage to increase spring wheat yield in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau,based on the long-term positioning experiment of different tillage measures established in 2001,the correlation of four tillage measures: conventional tillage with no straw(T),conventional tillage with straw incorporated(TS),no-tillage with no straw(NT),no-tillage with straw covered(NTS),and spring wheat leaf photosynthesis was studied in 2019,and their effects on shape,dry matter accumulation and yield were studied. The results showed that the chlorophyll content and leaf area index of wheat reached the peak at the heading stage; conservation tillage delayed leaf senescence after flowering;the chlorophyll content and leaf area index of NTS were significantly higher than those under other treatments at the milking stage; tillage practices had no effect on RuBP carboxylase activity in flag leaves of wheat at flowering stage,however,practices with no-tillage and straw retaining increased RuBP carboxylase activity during grain filling stage,and RuBP carboxylase activity under NTS was 1.95 times of that of T; NTS effectively improved the photosynthetic performance of spring wheat at flowering and grain filling stage,and the photosynthetic rate,transpiration rate and stomatal conductance of flag leaf under NTS at flowering stage were 19.2%,30.7% and 23.0% higher than those under conventional tillage(T).The contribution rate of dry matter accumulation under no-tillage treatments(NT and NTS) was 41.7% higher than that under tillage treatments(T and TS) after flowering,compared with no straw retaining treatments(T and NT),the dry matter accumulation of seeds after flowering increased by 71.2%,and the contribution rate of post-flowering accumulation to seeds increased by 35.7% under treatments with straw retaining(TS and NTS); NTS effectively improved the dry matter accumulation and transport capacity after flowering; NTS significantly increased the number of spike and 1 000-grain weight,and the yield under NTS was 18.7% higher than that of T. Therefore,the application of no-tillage with straw covered in the semi-arid region of the Loess Plateau improved the photosynthetic rate and RuBP carboxylase activity in flag leaves of spring wheat,increased dry matter accumulation and grain distribution after flowering,delayed leaf senescence and chlorophyll degradation at late grain-filling stage,which coordinated and optimized the relationship among photosynthetic performance,photosynthetic time,and photosynthetic area,and thus increased yield. |
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