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为明确不同产量水平旱地小麦的氮素吸收利用特征，于2015-2016年和2016-2017年，在位于河南西部雨养旱地小麦主产区且种植洛旱6号的36个农户田块取样调查，按照籽粒产量分成低产、中产、高产3组，比较其产量构成、氮素积累转运特性以及氮素利用效率。结果表明，高产组的籽粒产量分别较低产、中产组高75%～93%和17%～37%，高产组的穗粒重和生物量均显著高于中产、低产组，千粒重显著高于中产组，穗数、穗粒数均显著高于低产组。高产组小麦主要生育时期以及各生育阶段的氮素积累量、花后茎叶氮素转运量和花后氮素积累贡献率均较高，但出苗至拔节期的氮素积累比例较低。2个调查年度，高产组小麦成熟期氮素积累量分别较低产、中产组高57%和17%，氮素籽粒生产效率分别高17%和12%，生产百公斤籽粒需氮量则分别低15%和6%；高产组的氮素干物质生产效率和氮肥偏生产力分别较低产组高9%和20%。由此可见，拔节期、拔节至开花期与开花至成熟期较高的氮素积累量、茎叶氮素转运量、花后氮素积累贡献率是旱地小麦高产的重要氮素特征，提高旱地中产、低产田的小麦产量，应在增加穗数、穗粒数、穗粒重和生物量的同时提高氮素利用效率。

英文摘要:

In order to identify the difference of yield components and nitrogen uptake and utilization in winter wheat with different yield levels in drylands,soil samples at 0-20 cm depth at jointing and plants at jointing,anthesis and maturity of winter wheat were collected from 36 farmer’s fields in typical rainfed wheat production area of western Henan province in the dry year of 2015-2016 and the normal year of 2016-2017. Winter wheat cultivars Luohan6 was planted in each investigated field. The grain yields were divided into low-,middle- and high-groups,and the yield components,the characteristics of N accumulation and translocation,the N utilization efficiency were analyzed systematically.The average yield of the high-yield group was respectively 75%-93% higher than that of the low-yield group and 17%-37% higher than that of the middle-yield group. The grain weight per ear,biomass and the harvest index in the normal year of high-yield group were significantly increased compared with those of low-and middle-yield groups.The 1 000-grain weight of high-yield group was significantly increased,compared with that of the middle-yield group.The grain number and grains per ear of the high-yield group were increased,compared with those of the low-yield group. The high-yield group showed higher values in N accumulation at the main growth stages,periodical N accumulation,post-anthesis N translocation and its contribution rate to grain,but lower value in periodical N accumulation rate from seedling to jointing. During the two experimental years,the N accumulation at maturity,and the N physiological efficiency for grain formation of the high-yield group were respectively 57% and 17% higher,and 17% and 12% higher,than those of the low and middle-yield groups. However,the N requirement for producing 100 kg grain was respectively 15% and 6% lower than those of the low- and middle-yield groups.Moreover,the N physiological efficiency for biomass formation and partial factor productivity of applied N of the high-yield group were respectively 9% and 20% higher than those of the low-yield group. Therefore,the important N physiological statuses of winter wheat at the high-yield level in drylands were the higher N accumulation at jointing stage,during the period from jointing to anthesis and from anthesis to maturity,and the higher post-anthesis N translocation and its contribution rate to grain. To improve the farmers' wheat yield in the study area,the suitable measures should be adopted to regulate the N accumulation and translocation,and therefore increase the ear number,grain number,grain weight per ear,and N utilization efficiency.

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