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氮素是植物生长的必需元素，也是粮食作物产量的一个重要限制因素。培育氮素高效利用的农作物新品种不仅可以降低农业生产成本，还可以从根本上解决氮素施用不当造成的各种问题，是新一代绿色高效农业的发展方向。本文综述了当前小麦氮素高效利用育种研究进展，包括小麦氮素利用效率的评价、小麦氮素响应的基因型差异、影响小麦氮素利用率的形态及理化性状、小麦氮素利用相关基因的挖掘及分子育种与传统育种相结合提高氮素利用率等。

英文摘要:

Nitrogen is not only an essential macronutrient required for plant growth but also a major limiting factor in determining crop yield. The increases of yield due to the application of nitrogen fertilizers has being considered as the success of modern agriculture in the last decades. However,the over-use of chemical fertilizers like nitrogen has resulted in numerous environmental problems such as water and soil nitrogen pollutions. These concerns raised prompt the breeding scientist to breed new wheat varieties with enhanced nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) to reduce the amount of fertilizers application and the agricultural cost to farmers. In addition,it is also the way to the development of green and sustainable agriculture. Here,we reviewed the research advances in wheat nitrogen use efficiency,including the assessment of nitrogen use efficiency,the genotypic differences for NUE,the morphological and chemi-physiological traits affecting the NUE,the molecular cloning of NUE-related genes,and the combination of traditional and molecular breeding. It is expected that this review will provide assistance to the breeding scientist in wheat NUE research field.

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